After leapfrogging Singapore to become the region’s fastest-growing data centre hub, Malaysia is facing intensifying scrutiny as the resources debate that has complicated the industry’s growth spreads to emerging Asia.
Protests over a data centre complex in Johor – the epicentre of the boom – were the first of their kind in the country.
In Selangor, debate about the burden on communities has become politicised.
“Two years ago, it was just about building capacity,” said Cheam Tat Inn, managing director at the Malaysian arm of US data centre operator Equinix.
“The conversation today is more like, ‘How will you use power? Are you looking at renewables?’ They want to see how you’re going to grow sustainably and responsibly.”
It is a notable shift for a country – and a region – that has courted hyperscalers hard in a race to secure AI infrastructure investment, offering lower land costs, and affordable power.
It puts emerging Asia roughly where developed-market data centre hotspots such as Ireland, the Netherlands and Singapore were several years ago, when the industry’s breakneck growth began to stir concerns about competition for water and electricity with homes and farms.
Even so, global hyperscalers – in tandem with data centre developers and operators – are pushing forward with massive investments aimed at powering AI services requiring increasingly large amounts of computing capacity, but with a sharpened focus on sustainability to help secure a “social licence” from local communities.
Governments are also tightening standards to retain public support.
In Johor, China’s ZData told Reuters that its data centre operates solely on treated wastewater, and it is finalising a renewable energy deal with Tenaga Nasional Bhd to ease the strain on the electricity grid.
Japan’s NTT 9432.T said its data centre will employ a closed-circuit cooling system to limit water use, while Bain Capital-backed Bridge Data Centres said solar energy accounts for more than half of the power supply at its operations in the state.
“Data centres have high abstract support because we’re all using more and more data and we all want high speed,” said Chris Howard, executive director at consultancy JLL.
“But this contrasts very sharply with acceptance of data centres in local communities due to the perception of increased energy prices and water usage – or even just ugly buildings.”
JLL estimates that rising objections from residents were among factors, also including grid connections and infrastructure equipment, that contributed to delays of at least three months for 57% of projects globally last year.
Renewable energy, local content
New projects in Johor must show how they will source electricity, with renewable energy increasingly a prerequisite for approval.
Late last year, the state government announced a blanket ban on two categories of extremely water-intensive data centres, requiring as much as 50 million litres daily, the capacity of 20 Olympic swimming pools.
Selangor is not banning any proposals outright, but is vetting them to meet global standards on energy and water efficiency, itsexecutive councillor for investment, trade and mobility, Ng Sze Han, told Reuters.
A centerpiece of its approach is requiring 30% local content in areas such as integrated circuit design and cooling systems.
“These are highly capital-intensive projects, but historically, they have delivered limited spillover to the local economy,” he said.
In April, Parti Sosialis Malaysia singled out a RM1.75 billion hyperscale project in Selangor for criticism, saying it prioritised corporations over communities.
With Malaysia tightening scrutiny, investment may start flowing to other countries in the region, said Savills director Nicholas Tuan.
“We’re already seeing more activity and inbound requests for markets like Thailand, where there are larger scale campuses being built in the south,” he said.
At the same time, Johor in particular retains its appeal as “among the most stable” in terms of infrastructure, government support, and availability of resources, he said.
Singapore spillover
Johor was the overwhelming S$35 billion beneficiary of Singapore’s 2019-2022 moratorium on new data centres, after its own decade-long build-out strained land, water and electricity supply.
Investment poured in from the likes of Amazon and Microsoft, as well as Chinese firms like Tencent and Alibaba.
Even with stricter vetting since 2024, the state’s planned data centre capacity, including projects both in the pipeline and under construction, will mean an eightfold surge from current levels to 7,000 megawatts, according to JLL.
A 50-megawatt data centre can consume as much water as 2,200 households a day, and as much electricity as 22,000, according to Bank Negara Malaysia.
Resistance to the build-out reached a watershed in February, when residents of Iskandar Puteri protested against the construction of ZData’s data centre complex.
Many vented worries about the potential strain on water supplies, with some complaining of a drop in water pressure even before the 300-megawatt facility came online.
ZData told Reuters its compound was not the source of the water issues.
But not all the concerns were over competition for resources.
Complaints about dust from the construction site spurred the land developer, Tropicana Firstwide, to set up two free car washes for residents.
But another common objection is harder to address.
“I chose to buy a house here because of the greenery and the hills behind the property,” said another Iskandar Puteri resident. “Now the land has been levelled for the data centres.”
